An Analysis of the Declaration of Independence :: American History

An Analysis of the Declaration of IndependenceBy understanding the framework of time that the Declaration of Independence was scripted in, we can see its impact upon the peoples of former(a) America and how they dealt with this famous writing. This paper will explain the basic ideas contained in the Declaration of Independence, the impact of the Declaration upon the American War of Independence, and the reasons the Declaration was considered a native document. These themes will be discussed and analyzed to demonstrate the premise of the Declaration of Independence, as well as to explain why and how it worked within the time it was written in.When Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, he foresaw the coming of coarse changes within the times that he lived in. The Declaration embodied many of the ideas that separated the colonies from England and thus began the process of creating a new country out of the fray. One of the ideas that Jefferson wrote about was the free dom of religion. This was a core idea that made the basis of a republican society work, via judicial separation of church and state. This caused many schisms in the many faiths that were already implanted in the colonies. Moreover, it took a long time to separate the church from the state because of the old foundations association by England. Jefferson set the trend for freedom in this writing to give everyone a fair chance to be whomever they wanted to be regardless of race, confidence or religion (Zinn p.77). Another idea entrenched in the Declaration of Independence is that men should not be subject to the hierarchy that was the foundation for a monarchical government -- such as the one that England had used unsuccessfully with the colonists in the new world. A king could do as he gay and thus wreaked havoc within the colonies by taxing without representation. This started the whole windfall of rebellion by the colonists from the North to the South (Maier p.236). Jefferson wr ote that all people were created equal -- and this was the great democracy that he and others envisioned in their time. Jefferson believed that the English form of governing was no longer the acceptable way for a human to be hardened and this was the basis for him to ink the Declaration against primogeniture and other forms of special treatment for Lords who governed the colonies so poorly through the influence of King George the III.

The Frogs :: Essays Papers

The Frogs The frogs were singing again. I had heard them either night through the thin membrane of my bivouac. Their songs had died rarify with the rising sun, but now they picked up again with a fervor that sounded not unlike desperation to my teenage ears. I rested in the tent only a few moments before clearing the sleep from my eyes and springing out of my sleeping bag to greet the mourning. Dew droplets still covered everything, and the mourning seemed as magical as any other morning does to a young person of sixteen, camping in the woods. My brother had already awakened. He was sitting on a rock waiting for other people to wake up and smiling happily to see that it was me first and not one of the other kids from our group. They were all pretty boring, and we had no interest in their stories of adolescent rebellion. I slipped my feet into my hiking boots and looked at my watch. It was that after seven, and I knew that the two counselors who were with us wouldnt wake up till at least eight. We had time to play before they did. The lake or the cliffs? I asked, gesturing to the singing frogs behind me and the rocky face that we had nestled our tent low the previous night. We had been hiking a long time the night before, at least twelve miles. We still had a long way to go too. The stretch that we were complete started just at the Connecticut border and wound its way down through the mountains of New York and into New Jersey before finally ending at the border in Pennsylvania, the most famous of East Coast trails. The cliffs he said keeping his voice to a hushed shout as not to wake the others. There were adventures to be had, and it just wouldnt fit to have anyone wake up and tell us to do something and spoil our excitement. He was just a bit shorter than me, but his frame was already starting to develop into something wider and heavier than mine. I, two years his senior, wouldnt allow him to beat me in a sprint.

Jim McMahon :: essays research papers

     The book that I read was "McMahon" by Jim McMahon. This biography was mostly about Jim McMahons 1985 football season. McMahon was the quarterback for the Chicago Bears. He start uped eleven clock out of the thirteen games he played in. McMahon emerged as one of the NFLs top quarterbacks while earning his commencement ceremony Pro Bowl appearance. He averaged 64% completion the first five weeks before injury had began at San Francisco on October 17, 1985. He threw a career high 15 touchdown passes. He threw 9 of them in the first quad games. McMahon led the squad with a 5.4 yard rushing average. He missed three games between November 10 through November 24 with shoulder tendonitis. He didnt start against the Vikings on September 19 due to a stiff neck. He entered the Vikings game in the third quarter and put on one of the best(p) shows of the NFL 85 season, throwing touchdown passes on the first two plays and three in just no and a half quarters to turn a 17-9 deficit into a 33-24 win. McMahon was named NFC umbrage player-of-the-week in the season opener after 23 of 34 for 274 yards, two touchdown effort in 38-28 win over the bucs. He passed for season-high 292 yards at Tampa on October 6. McMahon end 13 of 19 passes for 160 yards and 3 touchdowns caught a touchdown pass from Payton and rushed for 36 yards against the Redskins on September 29. He threw 3 touchdown passes in playoffs and scored the first touchdown against the Rams on a 16 yard run. He didnt throw any interceptions in 3 post-season games in 66 attempts. Jim McMahons Super Bowl performance included 12 of 20 for 256 yards.     Jim McMahon had plenty of obstructors that he had to overcome in his 1985 season. One obstacle he had to overcome was his shoulder tendonitis. When he was out for three games. Another obstacle that he had to overcome right before the Super Bowl was a really bad sore on his butt. Pain killers and medicine wouldnt wo rk. So he found a guy that used needles to relieve the pain. He was using that method and it was working, the sore was going away. The team had to leave to go get produce for the Super Bowl so they had to fly him to that town. The head guy said that the person couldnt go on the team plane because he wasnt one of the team trainers.

The Women Of Jane Austen :: Jane Austen Females Essays

The Women of Jane AustenJane Austen has attracted a great deal of critical attention in recent years. Many have spoken out about the strengths and weaknesses of her characters, particularly her heroines. Austen has been deem as both a friend and foe to the rights of women. According to Morrison, most feminist studies have represented Austen as a conscious or unconscious seditious voicing a womans frustration at the rigid and sexist genial order which enforces subservience and dependence (337). Others feel that her marriage plots are representative of her allegiance to the loving quid pro quo of her time Marriage, almost inevitably the narrative event that constitutes a happy ending, represents in their view a submission to a manful narrative imperative that has traditionally allotted women love and men the world (Newman 693). In reality, Austen cannot accurately be evaluated as an author (or feminist subversive) without first examining the eighteenth hundred English society in w hich she lived and placed her heroines. Watt says that Austens characters cannot be seen clearly until we make allowances for the social order in which they were rooted (41). Austen lived in a society where women were expect to be accomplished, as Darcy states in Pride and Prejudice, but not well educated (Notes). Women of the late eighteenth-century could not attend educational institutions like Oxford or Cambridge. It was not considered obligatory for a woman to have knowledge of either Greek or Latin. If a woman received training, it was normally religious or domestically practical. The expected accomplishments of a woman at the time included the ability to draw, singing, speaking modern languages (such as Italian or French), and playing a musical instrument, usually the piano. These accomplishments were required to attract the right (rich) kind of husband. A womans financial status was very important, and yet there was little she could do to improve it. Women of some social sta nding could not just go out and get a job. The only opportunities for support outside ones family was work as a governess, or live-in teacher. cash for a woman usually only came through marriage or the death of her father, and then only if she had no brothers or other male relatives.Marriage, then, was looked upon by both men and women as a necessity for security, regardless of a lack of attraction or love. Long-range financial stability had to be procured at an early age.

parent and child relationships :: essays research papers

Pargonnt and children relationshipsIn this essay, Im going to tell you about some of the cite/children issues that do arise. Such as, one of the parents dying, one of the parents leaving, how hard a single parent can find it coping and how much babies can make mass grow up. So many things can go wrong when you bedevil a child of your own, especially when you have to bring them up on your own. In flour babies some of these issues do arise. Simon Martin finds out for himself how hard it is to raise a child and how hard it was for his m separate to bring him up. In this book Simon Martin actually quotes the situation is, you need two people to look after a baby. One persons not enough. You need a substitute. A good reserve. someone with no particular plans for the evening. Otherwise it simply cant be done. This says that hes just about to confuse up on parenthood, because it was also much hard work, without two people. He realises that hes got a responsibility now and someone de pends on him, and that makes him grow up a plenteousness quicker than he normally would.I animadvert bait is quite a hard subject to do on this topic because there are quite a lot of things going on. His dad is a gambler who can easily lose his temper, and whos probably going to ruin his disembodied spirit unless he gives up gambling. The little boy in this has been made to grow up too quickly, because of his dads gambling problem. Id have thought that his dad, like in the short film, often embarrasses him like when he started a fight with the tramp and then started crying and hugging him. I think in a situation like this it can be hard for both the child and the parent. The child has to go without quite a few things that other children would take for granted, and the dad needs to live knowing that however much he tries to provide for his son hell never be able to give him everything that all his friends have because he doesnt have the money because he gambles.Another film that d isplays how hard single parenting is, is Finding Nemo. The dad is over protecting(prenominal) of nemo because of what happened to his wife and other children when they were eggs.

parent and child relationships :: essays research papers

Parent and children relationshipsIn this essay, Im going to verbalise you about some of the parent/children issues that do arise. Such as, one of the parents dying, one of the parents leaving, how hard a single parent can find it coping and how often babies can make people bend up. So many things can go wrong when you have a child of your own, especially when you have to start them up on your own. In flour babies some of these issues do arise. Simon Martin finds out for himself how hard it is to raise a child and how hard it was for his mother to bring him up. In this book Simon Martin actually quotes the fact is, you need two people to look after a baby. One persons not enough. You need a substitute. A good reserve. Someone with no particular plans for the evening. Otherwise it simply cant be done. This says that hes just about to set in up on parenthood, because it was too much hard work, without two people. He realises that hes got a responsibility now and someone depends on him, and that makes him grow up a lot quicker than he normally would.I think bait is sooner a hard subject to do on this topic because there are quite a lot of things going on. His dad is a gambler who can easily lose his temper, and whos credibly going to ruin his life unless he gives up playing period. The little boy in this has been made to grow up too quickly, because of his dads gambling problem. Id have thought that his dad, like in the short film, often embarrasses him like when he started a fight with the tramp and then started egregious and hugging him. I think in a situation like this it can be hard for both the child and the parent. The child has to go without quite a few things that other children would take for granted, and the dad needs to live knowing that however much he tries to provide for his son hell never be able to give him everything that all his friends have because he doesnt have the money because he gambles.Another film that displays how hard single paren ting is, is determination Nemo. The dad is over protective of nemo because of what happened to his wife and other children when they were eggs.

Reward Strategy: Reasons and Perspectives Essay

Modern business environment is famous for various new trends. An environment where the businesses used to strike employees for the sake of monetary benefits only is now changed in multi dimensional and multi pronged environment. Now business are not run for the sake of money and short circuit term financial benefits only plainly for a long time sustainable growth and development. Now the only focus of all business is clientand Customer cheer. This Customer Satisfaction (CS) cannot be achieved without proper involvement of internal nodes i. e. , employees.Companies start their business philosophy from their main goals or objectives and make clear statements exhibit their mission and values. All lateral developments are performed on the root of these predetermined values. Modern businesses focus only on customer satisfaction and this is the core purpose of business as well. Who is Responsible for Customer Satisfaction? Now question is the responsibility of achieving customer sati sfaction without any failure. Many plans are made for wining customer satisfaction, but all would be failure if company is not sure about the persons, method and tactics of achieving customer satisfaction.Whole management and its team is obligated for achieving business results so is the customer satisfaction. Modern management has no doubt in it that customer satisfaction can only be achieved if all employees unheeding their departments work hard to satisfy customer. Conclusion is all employees are responsible for achieving and maintaining customer satisfaction on long term basis. How would Employees work for Achieving Customer Satisfaction? Employees are important for achieving customer satisfaction then the responsibility comes how these employees should work for achieving high standards of customer satisfaction?Its an open secret that employees mainly fate to work for the physical work giving to them according to their job description. Though companies make different efforts to ensure quantitative and qualitative efforts to ensure performance of employees but there is not specific way to know how do employees behave and work for achieving customer satisfaction. As per Hertz Bergs two grammatical constituent motivation theory, pile treat salary and working environment as routine requirement of their jobs and dont fee motivated on the basis of nominal salaries.For doing something extra, they need motivation and for motivation they need to be given something extra by the employer. To overcome problems and obstacles on their way to customer satisfaction, companies design a special approach to involve employees into their challenging task of customer satisfaction. Reward Strategy Why do people work is the question often answered otherwise by all respondents. Few people surely confirm the cause of their work, mostly are trapped in wordy reasons like, just to make my life comfortable, to earn my livelihood, to support my family, to spend my spare time or t o establish myself.Business psychologists still fail to understand the only common reason among people who work at different places. Similar to the concepts of employees, business researchers and scholars are also divided on plastered human needs and employees concern bout growth. barely all researchers and business psychologists are of the opinion that rewards really award. If you give rewards to your employees reward, they will award business with better results. Various rewards to employees make different behavioural and motivational changes in their personalities.Almost modern business and non-business organizations believe in good reward system that would base on financial compensation or Remuneration, certain benefits regardless their job hierarchy and business status, and perquisites of different types based on hierarchy. These three factors make the most successful blend of modern reward package. As such package is a motivating blend of financial and non-financial benefits , this suites majority of people.

Ppi and the Big Mac Index

Estimating the buy motive Parity (PPP) of currencies using the long mack major power Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Purchasing Power Parity and Theory of one Price 3. Over/Under Valuation of currencies against the buck 5. Comparative analysis of the most overvalued to the most undervalued 6. Observation and Alternative mightinesses 7. Limitations 8. adjunct INTRODUCTION Purchasing power parity (PPP) is an important and critical topic in international economics. It arises when the purchasing power of an amount of money is the same in different countries. This is when charges of devil different countries are converted to a special K currency.The idea is based on the law of one value, where in the absence of positive trade restrictions, similar goods will have the same impairment in different markets, with the prices being expressed in the same (common) currency. Deviations from parity infer differences in purchasing power of goods across countries, which means that for the uses of many international comparisons, countries GDPs or other national income statistics need to be PPP adjusted and converted into common units. There cannister be a huge difference when adjusted by purchasing power and when converted via market supplant pass judgment.For ex- If careful at nominal exchange rates, India has the tenth largest economy while adjusting by PPP, India has the fourth largest economy. Thus, to remove this discrepancy, a common currency of measurement is highly essential. The great(p) Mac Index is an example of a measure of law of one price. It refers to the prices of a plumping Mac burger in McDonalds restaurants in different countries. It helps in determine whether a currency is undervalued or overvalued and thus accordingly gives an idea about the direction in which currencies should move.The Big Mac was selected because it is available for a common purpose in many countries close to the world as local McDonalds franchisees have signific ant responsibility for converting input prices(at least in theory). The Big Mac Index is useful because it is based on a very well-known food item whose final price can be easily tracked in many countries. PPP and the Theory of One Price The One-Price Theory The theory of PPP and One price go hand in hand. It is imperative to discover the implication of One Price to understand the Purchase Power Parity as it is based on that.The Law of One Price proposes that if a toilet facility costs $2 in USA and the same gadget costs Rs 5 in India , so the exchange rate should be 2/5 = 0. 40 for the real prices to be same in both the countries. Let us denote it empirically as Price of a good in one country A be X and Price of the same good in some other country B is X* , then equalization of both the prices can be done using exchange rate denoted by the formula Exchange Rate = X/X* hazard in the above example where the exchange rate is calculated to be 0. 4, increases to 0. 6, and then the s ame gadget would cost Rs 8. 33 in India.This would result in the inflow of gadgets to India from USA causing increase in the demand of dollars and increase in supply of rupees. Law of One Price (LoOP) It states that identical goods should sell at same price in two different markets when there are no transportation costs and no differential taxes applied in two markets One Price Theory and PPP While this concept of one price here in the example is being applied to one commodity, it can be applied universally to all other commodities in market as well. The Big Mac burger is one of the brightest examples of the application of One-Price to a commodity.It looks at the price of a big Mac burger across different countries. This way Purchase Power Parity applies not just to a single commodity solely on general price level. This way we can universally derive a relation of One-Price theory and Purchase Power Parity. The Big Mac was created by Jim Delligatti in the year 1967 and introduced thr oughout the US in 1968. The Big Mac is now available in around 120 countries around the world and its newspaper publisher is generally the same throughout two all beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions on a sesame seed bun.Since beef is not consumed in India, a special Mac known as the Maharaja Mac can be found with chicken patties replacing beef patties. In Islamic countries the Big Mac is made with Halal beef and in Israel it is made with Kosher beef. The price of a Big Mac in US is calculated by the average of 4 cities Atlanta, New York, Chicago and San Francisco. The price of Big Mac in Euro area is calculated by the weighted average of prices in Euro area. The Big Mac considered in India is the Maharaja Mac. Country Big Mac Price Implied PPP rate + Todays Over(+) / Under(-) Valuation against the USD, % ++ Exchange Rate in Local gold in US dollars 1 USD = US $ 4. 07 4. 07 1 Argentina Peso 20. 0 4. 4153463 4. 92 4. 530 8. 6175 Australia A$ 4. 56 4. 6373416 1. 12 0. 983 13. 8996 Brazil Real 9. 50 5. 2511951 2. 34 1. 809 29. 3452 Britain ? 2. 39 3. 7447139 0. 59 0. 638 -7. 5573 Canada C$ 4. 73 4. 6363004 1. 16 1. 020 13. 7021 Chile Peso 1850 3. 6281104 455 509. 907 -10. 7681 China Yuan 14. 7 2. 3129209 3. 6 6. 356 -43. 3570 Colombia Peso 8400 4. 326 2066 1941. 748 6. 3990 Czech nation Koruna 69. 3 3. 6412205 17. 1 19. 32 -10. 1517 Denmark DK 28. 5 5. 1401734 7. 01 5. 545 26. 4302 Egypt Pound 14. 1 2. 3477628 3. 47 6. 006 -42. 2217 Euro area Euro 3. 44 4. 6013727 1. 18 0. 748 57. 8378 Hong Kong HK$ 15. 1 1. 9404672 3. 71 7. 782 -52. 3236 Hungary Forint 760 3. 3439474 187 227. 276 -17. 7213 India Rupee 84. 0 1. 6163756 20. 7 51. 968 -60. 1679 Indonesia Rupiah 22534 2. 501274 5543 9009. 009 -38. 4727 Israel Shekel 15. 9 4. 2277811 3. 91 3. 761 3. 9662 Japan ? 320 4. 1212269 78. 7 77. 647 1. 3564 Malaysia Ringgit 7. 20 2. 2981176 1. 7 3. 133 -43. 5046 Mexico Peso 32. 0 2. 3459637 7. 87 13. 640 -42. 3040 New Zealand NZ$ 5. 10 3. 9382574 1. 25 1. 295 -3. 4741 Norway Kroner 45. 0 7. 8321279 11. 1 5. 746 93. 1925 Pakistan Rupee 205 2. 3019159 50. 5 89. 056 -43. 2943 Peru New Sol 10 3. 7022146 2. 46 2. 701 -8. 9255 Philippines Peso 118 2. 7064108 29 43. 600 -33. 4865 Poland Zloty 8. 63 2. 5572242 2. 12 3. 375 -37. 1806 Russia Rouble 75. 0 2. 3810975 18. 5 31. 498 -41. 2663 Saudi Arabia Riyal 10. 0 2. 6661761 2. 46 3. 751 -34. 4121 Singapore S$ 4. 1 3. 4060498 1. 08 1. 295 -16. 5865 South Africa Rand 19. 45 2. 3850647 4. 78 8. 155 -41. 3850 South Korea Won 3700 3. 2782 910 1128. 668 -19. 3740 Sweden SKr 48. 4 7. 1816695 11. 9 6. 739 76. 5741 Switzerland SFr 6. 5 7. 036772 1. 6 0. 924 73. 2128 mainland China NT$ 75. 0 2. 4825847 18. 5 30. 210 -38. 7629 Thailand Baht 70. 0 2. 2628537 17. 2 30. 934 -44. 3985 Turkey Lire 6. 5 3. 5532705 1. 6 1. 829 -12. 5349 + The Purchasing Power Parity or the PPP rate is the price of Big Mac in local currency divided by the price in the US.Price of Big Mac (and corresponding impli ed PPP rates from The Economist and is the latest). ++ The Over/Under valuation against the dollar is calculated using Exchangerates latest rates ( i. e as of 09/12/2011) 100 x ( P P P Exchange Rate) / Exchange Rate (Source http//www. exchangerate. com/) OBSERVATION The most overvalued of currencies is the European Nordic countries currencies and most undervalued is the Indian Rupee. At market exchange rates, the Burger is 60% cheaper in India than in US. In other words, the Indian rupee is 60% undervalued against the dollar.However it should be noted that cheap burgers in India dont mean that the Indian rupee is highly undervalued. Average prices should be lower in poor countries than in rich ones because labor costs are lower. The chart in the Appendix A shows a strong positive relationship between the dollar price of a Big Mac and GDP per person. Purchasing Power Parity is positively an indicator where exchange rates should move in the long run. For estimating the current fair value of a currency, a best fit line is drawn between Big Mac prices and GDP per person.The price thus predicted after the best fit line is drawn is compared with the actual price and this provides a better estimation of the currency over and under valuation than the above index. The beefed up index shows that the Brazilian Real is the most overvalued in the world the Euro is also slightly overvalued. However the two major developing countries India and China appear to be almost equal to its fair values. ALTERNATIVE INDICES An index similar to the Big Mac index has also been developed by the financial company UBS as part of general compilation of differences in prices and incomes around the globe.The Economistalso comes out with variants of the same. For example in the month of January in 2004, it proposed aTall Latte indexby replacing the Big Mac with a Starbucks Tall Latte. Refer Appendix B for the same. Commonwealth Securities, an Australian banks subsidiary, proposed to creat e the iPod index by using the concepts behind the Big Mac index. The banks hostility that since the Big Mac index can be distorted by taxes, transport costs, labour laws and trade barriers in each country and the iPod was made in a single country China, it made more sense to use the iPod as a measuring index.Since the iPod was made in a single country, the price should be broadly be the same all over the world and if the price difference were substantial, customers would switch their purchases to other countries (thanks to internet). However it was found to be powerless since freight charges vary from country to country and countries such as US may get volume discounts. Bloomberg LP also introduced an alternative index known as Billy index after the iconic Ikeas bookshelf. The index was calculated after converting the bookshelfs price to US dollars. LIMITATIONS aapendix a appendix BAPPENDIX C (Exchange Rates as Of 9th December 2011) Country Currency ISO 12-08-2011 12-09-2011 % Change ARGENTINA Peso ARS 4. 52995 4. 529656 -0. 01% AUSTRALIA dollar AUD 0. 975877 0. 983322 0. 76% AUSTRIA Euro EUR 0. 74732 0. 747603 0. 04% BELGIUM Euro EUR 0. 74732 0. 747603 0. 04% BRAZIL Real BRL 1. 804477 1. 809112 0. 26% CANADA Dollar CAD 1. 014437 1. 02021 0. 57% CHILE Peso CLP 508. 4706 509. 9073 0. 28% CHINA Yuan CNY 6. 362878 6. 3556 -0. 11% CZECH REP. Koruna CZK 18. 90629 19. 3208 0. 67% DENMARK Krone DKK 5. 542461 5. 54456 0. 04% EUROPEAN UNION Euro EUR 0. 74732 0. 747603 0. 04% FINLAND Euro EUR 0. 74732 0. 747603 0. 04% FRANCE Euro EUR 0. 74732 0. 747603 0. 04% GERMANY Euro EUR 0. 74732 0. 747603 0. 04% GREECE Euro EUR 0. 74732 0. 747603 0. 04% HONG KONG Dollar HKD 7. 776135 7. 781631 0. 07% HUNGARY Forint HUF 227. 0945 227. 2763 0. 08% ICELAND krona ISK 119. 1911 118. 9654 -0. 19% INDIA Rupee INR 51. 73987 51. 96812 0. 44% INTNL MON.FUND SDR XDR 0. 642256 0. 642147 -0. 02% IRELAND Euro EUR 0. 74732 0. 747603 0. 04% ISRAEL Sheqel ILS 3. 775473 3. 760838 -0. 39% ITALY Euro EUR 0. 74732 0. 747603 0. 04% JAPAN Yen JPY 77. 60051 77. 64678 0. 06% KOREA (SOUTH) Won KRW 1132. 612 1146. 365 1. 21% KUWAIT Dinar KWD 0. 277164 0. 277164 0. 00% - MEXICO Peso MXN 13. 62357 13. 64045 0. 12% NETHERLANDS Euro EUR 0. 74732 0. 747603 0. 04% NEW ZEALAND Dollar NZD 1. 28856 1. 294989 0. 50% NORWAY Krone NOK 5. 70238 5. 745565 -0. 43% PAKISTAN Rupee PKR 89. 01636 89. 05625 0. 04% PERU Sol PEN 2. 701086 2. 701086 0. 00% - PHILIPPINES Peso PHP 43. 29727 43. 60018 0. 70% POLAND Zloty PLN 3. 360573 3. 374753 0. 42% PORTUGAL Euro EUR 0. 74732 0. 747603 0. 04% ROMANIA Leu RON 3. 23797 3. 23797 0. 00% - RUSSIA Ruble RUB 31. 43216 31. 49808 0. 21% SAUDI ARABIA Riyal SAR 3. 750569 3. 75069 0. 00% capital of Singapore Dollar SGD 1. 291813 1. 294755 0. 23% SLOVAKIA Euro EUR 0. 74732 0. 747603 0. 4% SOUTH AFRICA Rand ZAR 8. 204971 8. 154915 -0. 61% SPAIN Euro EUR 0. 74732 0. 747603 0. 04% SWEDEN Krona SEK 6. 771076 6. 73938 -0. 47% SWITZERLAND Franc CHF 0. 925818 0. 923719 -0. 23% TAIWAN Dollar TWD 30. 16208 30. 21045 0. 16% THAILAND Baht THB 30. 77703 30. 93439 0. 51% U. A. E. Dirham AED 3. 673236 3. 673236 0. 00% - UKRAINE Hryvnia UAH 8. 000472 7. 998369 -0. 03% fall in KINGDOM Pound GBP 0. 637984 0. 638233 0. 04% UNITED STATES Dollar USD 1 1 0. 00% -

A safe seat for lightweight vehicles

The Working Group on Accident Mechanics has develop a unkept mickle vehicle (LMV) with a curb weight of 650 kg, called Cratch. This experimental vehicle demonstrates that a game level of passive safety for the occupants of low mass vehicles is achievable in frontal collisions (Frei 97). The development of a political machine under(a)side suited for use in LMVs has been a part of this project. The dirty dog is an central element of the restraint system In the case of a frontal crash, the initial position of the occupant is defined by the contour and position of the seat, and, during the crash, a part of the occupants kinetic push is absorbed through deformation of the seat base. In lavatory electric shocks the seat represents the entire restraint system.During a collision against a conventional car, the low mass vehicle, due to the fundamental laws of motion, is exposed to higher accelerations and a larger change in velocity than its counterpart (Niederer 93). The seat pre sented here(predicate) was specially adapted to these severe conditions. Nevertheless, al intimately every feature of the concept could easily be adapted for use in conventional cars. The main counselling of the development was on the improvement of the rear-end jounce safety, which represents a substantial problem, in any case for conventional cars.Comp ared to the con postrable improvements of crash safety in frontal and side pushs accomplished during the last years, progress concerning the rear-end impact safety has somewhat stagnated. This may be related to the fact that rear-end crashes are often considered to be less dangerous, since there is a very high surviving probability for the occupants. In spite of this, it is very worthwhile to invest in rear-end impact safety since injuries caused by this collision type do not only cause high amounts of compensation costs but also can flummox very unpleasant consequences to the occupants involved.Energy absorptionIn addition t o the functional mock-up, two crash-testable models of the seat have been built. They were used in the Cratch experimental low mass vehicle in a full scale frontal crash test with a delta-v of more than 70 km/h, and in a series of sled based rear impact tests.Figure 4 The crash test model of the seat raw structure and completed seats merged into Cratch low mass vehicle. Seating position is more upright as in conventional cars.The requirement for a geometrical adaptability for the spectrum ranging from the 5th to 95th centile occupant alone is not sufficient the nix absorption capabilities of the seat must also be made suitable for the whole group. This means that the seat must deform softly enough not to exceed tolerance limits for light persons but must also provide enough deformation stead for intemperately occupants. Since the amount of prototypes was limited, e.g. more than one test per seat specimen had to be performed, the seats had to be reusable, leading to a rather ro bust and heavy construction. Seats for real world use do not have to fulfil the reusability requirement, allowing for a less heavy construction.The seat has been designed to withstand an sled impact speed of 33.3 km/h. This corresponds to a situation in which a standing low mass vehicle is hit on the rear end by a conventional car of twice the weight travelling at 50 km/h. Based on a force-deformation curve of an existing car and an assumed characteristic for the Cratch (which has not been rear-end impact tested) an acceleration-time curve for the Cratch has been calculated and simplified for use in simulations and sled testing. The maximum acceleration level is 30 g. Since it is kn aver that cervical spine injuries can already occur at much lower loads, impact speeds of 22.2 and 11.1 km/h have also been interpreted into account for the design of the seat. The corresponding acceleration levels for these speeds are only 20 and 12 g, because in these cases impact energy is considerabl y smaller and the deformation zones of the cars are not deformed to a degree that higher forces (leading to higher accelerations) are built up.In order to find suitable stiffness characteristics for the different energy absorbing units of the seat, a simple computer simulation model was used in which the occupant is modelled by four independent masses. Realistic results with such a model can only be expected in case where there are no, or very little translational displacements between the remains parts. For our purposes, this is not a real disadvantage, since the aim is to find a setting wich results in a minimum of relative translational deformations (at least in the stop number body regions). In a first step, the model was verified through comparison with a well-tried rigid body simulation program. Unfortunately, there is no model of the cervical spine available yet that is able to exactly mimic the behaviour of a human neck.Figure 6 Simplified rear-end impact model of occupant and seat, used for computer simulation. The deformation characteristics of the paddings have been evaluated by dynamic impact pendulum tests.Energy absorption is performed both by effervesce paddings and by rotational docile of the seat back. Yielding is controlled by a deformation element, which consists of a three point bending beam made of aluminium. The yielding moment is 3000 Nm. During loading, the element builds up deformation force in the elastic range only gradually. This is undesirable as it causes a faster backward trend of the head restraint in the first phase of the collision. Bolts have therefore been integrated in the construction to obtain a deformation characteristic that instead reaches its energy absorbing level. The bolts shear off during the onset of the yielding process and cause higher forces at the beginning of the deformation process.The replaceable deformation elements are the only structural parts of the seat that are supposed to absorb energy. Energy absorbing properties of other load bearing components are irrelevant. This means that the seat concept and the choice of material for the realisation are almost independent of each other.The centre of rotation of the yielding back rest is positioned relatively high above the seating level. Yielding of the back rest is thus delayed and an earlier contact between head and head restraint is obtained. Because the pelvis is already in contact to the back rest at the beginning of the crash, no considerable relative velocities between the pelvis and the back rest arise during impact and therefore little deformation space is needed in this region.The acceleration levels of the different body parts are mainly influenced by the stiffness characteristics of the spark paddings. The paddings have to be chosen such that relative movements between head, neck and chest are minimised. A combination was found that works adequately under the conditions mentioned above.Even with an automatically adju sted head restraint, for comfort reasons there will remain some initial distance between the head and the head restraint, make a delay of the acceleration of the head in comparison to the thorax. A layer of a very soft foam applied in the thorax region reduces the acceleration of the thorax in this first phase of the impact (Muser 94) and thus helps to synchronise movements of the head and the thorax (as tests by Svensson (96) have shown).Assembly of energy absorbing foams in the seat back. A hard foam type (Woodbridge Enerflex) and two softer foams (Dow) have been used. Empty spaces in front of protruding structural components embarrass excessive compression of foams and increase of forces in these regions.Renault is hoping supermini buyers will be Vel Satisfied with the look of the new Clio, which is revealed by Auto Express with this world exclusive recognizeshot picture.The distinctive supermini borrows its brave front-end styling from the controversial Vel Satis, and is cha rged with storming straight to the top of its competitive market sector when it goes on sale in the UK in September priced from 7,500.Destined to go neck and neck with the forthcoming Ford Fiesta and the still-secret Peugeot 107, the radical Clio will boast an innovative new range of engines and gearboxes. These include direct-injection petrol and diesel powerplants, and new CVT transmission incontrovertible a rewrite five-speed manual. Both the three and five-door editions will be available from launch, and the duo will be instantly identifiable from the existing cars thanks to sheer(a) new headlamps and an aggressive grille. Wing mirrors, sills and side rubbing strips are also revised, as are the edges of the bumpers, which now blend into the slippery lines more effortlessly.At the rear, revised lights share centre stage with a huge Renault badge. And in keeping with company policy, the manufacturers name will no longer appear on the bootlid. major interior changes will place greater emphasis on safety. Its thought that the Clio will now include curtain airbags, following the lead set by Vauxhalls Corsa, and it will aim to gather the full five stars in the revised Euro NCAP crash-test series.Equipment levels, too, are expected to be more generous than at present, and will believably include satellite navigation for the first time. Keyless start, as fitted to the Laguna (see photo) and Vel Satis, will not feature, however.The engine line-up will be largely familiar to buyers of the up-to-date Clio, as the powerplants are among the newest in the business. The company used to have a reputation for poor-quality, outdated motors, and so has worked hard to transform its entire range into the most sophisticated in the business.First in the line-up will be a new 1.2-litre 16-valver offering 75bhp and class-leading fuel economy, followed by the 98bhp 16v 1.4-litre. The top-of-the-range luxury Clio will be provide by the 1.6-litre unit which features 110bhp, wh ile the 172 tuned by Renaultsport will continue to use the fire-breathing 2.0-litre engine ensuring it keeps its place at the top of the hot hatch tree. Renault will also keep pushing its diesels, which are enormously popular in mainland Europe. Two options will be available, both based on the companys state-of-the-art new 1.5-litre dCi oil-burner, with every 65bhp or 85bhp.Gearbox choices will be limited to a five-speed manual and a conventional auto at first, although the firm is experimenting with Nissans acclaimed CVT automatic from the current Micra. Renaults own Easy clutchless manual was dropped due to slow sales and is unlikely to be revisited.Of course, the new look isnt only reserved for the mainstream models. Renaults stylists have also interpreted it for the fire-cracker hot hatch, the Renaultsport 172. And our spy photographers were able to bring you an all-round tour of the model which must uphold the honour of the craziest hot hatch on the market today. Inside has be en treated to a mild spruce-up. You can clearly see new metallic-effect sports trim on the facia, and Renault insiders say that there will be revised specification levels for the UK. However, the main computer architecture remains unchanged.Visually, the new face has a meaner stare, with an aggressive front airdam thats open rather than fluted. The deeper rear valance comes with an air-vent groove beneath the bumper line. New five-spoke alloys, a underslung Renault logo on the tailgate, colour-coded side-rubbing strips and a new slash of silver trim complete the picture.As you can see, the styling tweaks lift the Clios profile slightly upmarket, giving it a more mature and sensible image but dont be fooled The tuned 2.0-litre four-cylinder 16-valve engine remains one of the most entertaining hot hatch motors of its kind, and the power rig will stay at 172bhp, guaranteeing the same performance.However, if enthusiasts were hoping that the wildest hot hatch ever the Renaultsport C lio V6 would get the same changes, theyll be disappointed. As its such a specialised, low-volume machine, it is remaining unchanged throughout its lifetime. Not that we are complaining Something as anti-establishment as the Clio V6 isnt about to appear dated just because the car it was loosely based on has had a subsequent facelift. Of course, the standard models fresh look is designed to keep the Clio riding high in the sales charts until an all-new successor arrives in 2003. This will share its syllabus and engines with the close Micra, although they will have different interiors and styling to reflect their diverse characters.On the whole, these latest revisions to the range look set to keep interest levels bubbling away(predicate) for the already successful Clio family. And whats more, the timing couldnt be better, as there is a whole host of new metal lurking on the horizonWith the likes of the stylish miniskirt here this summer, a Fiesta replacement being unveiled in Sept ember, the next-generation Peugeot 106 and Citroen Saxo due next year and Volkswagens Polo arriving in 2003 as well, the Clio must face up to some stiff competition.But by welcoming its baby to the latest family look, Renault is out to prove that it hasnt only been concentrating on larger products such as the Laguna, Avantime, Vel Satis and next Espace. Theres more than enough fight left in the supermini especially as insiders say that the update wont affect the pricing strategy.

Online Education vs. Classroom

Adrienne Uy ENG 1050 DC12M Informative Synthesis 11-7-12 Online Education versus the Classroom An breeding paves the road to success. From high-school, college, or on-the-job training, the schoolroom has been the traditional orbit for teaching and information. But nowadays that is rapidly changing. With technology at an advantage, more online schooling and training is taking place of the traditional classroom. Both public and online schools slang its fair shares of advantages and disadvantages, merely recent research suggests that online trainingal benefits outweigh that of regular schools and classrooms.Students find that an online education set ups less pressure, the ability to concentrate better, and avoiding negative social interactions. opus all that might be true, what about the aspects they miss? Examples whitethorn be friends, positive social interactions, and building social skills? Is online education really as stiff as land based education? In the article, Stud y Finds That Online Education Beats the Classroom by Steve Lohr, he discusses studies that were conducted by SRI International for the Department of Education.The studies were make on kindergarten by means of 12th grade, in colleges and in continuing adult education, in both classrooms and online. From 1998 to 2008, 99 studies were conducted, that found that the online scholars testing scores ranked in the 59th partile, while classroom students ranked in the 50th percentile. Their conclusion is that online education is more personalized to each individual student. (Lohr 1) In another article by Chris Ingalls, he reviews the same idea that online public schools are the mood to go.In Forks, Washington, the Quillayute Valley School District has had a major increase in online students. The towns online high school is the Insight School of Washington. In the Insight School of Washington, there were entirely over 2,000 more online students than in the regular classrooms. Patrick Ma yberry, a student at Insight says, You are able to concentrate better than you can in an actual classroom. (Mayberry 2) Mayberry enrolled at Insight to avoid bullies. As a precede from his online education, his grades have improved. (Ingalls 1-4)Online education adheres well to college students and their busy lives. In the article, Fast Facts About Online Education by Terrence Loose, he gives some pertinent points why online education is the way to go. His first point is that some online degrees are quite popular and in demand. In December 2009, a claim by a research and consulting quick for higher education called Edventures, conducted a study on the five bachelor degree programs with the most students enrolled. They are Bachelors in Nursing, Computer Information Technology, Criminal Justice, Education, and Business.Secondly, online education adheres well to college students and other adults. Having to study and work at ones own pace and schedule is great for the busy college s tudent that works, has a family, or sightly wants to make their own schedule. His next pro is that employers are likely to hire, even so with an online degree. He points out that the effort, time and discipline required for online degrees are just the same as that needed in the classroom. Furthermore, most online education uses the latest technology.This is important for students to keep up with computers and software, as it is used in an array of careers. And lastly, even a masters degree can be earned online. This is suitable for those students who want to pursue certain careers while working full-time or have other priorities, such as family. (Loose 1) The article, Traditional Education vs. Online Education Should You thumb? by Ryan May, talks about undergraduates pursuing online education. According to the article, twenty percent of all undergraduates took at least one online course.Four percent of the undergraduates took the entire program online. This information is accor ding to the National Center for Education Statistics. (May 1) May declares that a study by the NCES found that the ratio of online students to classroom students are 10-1. (May 1) May underwrites that there are four paths of online, or distance learning. The first is called Open Schedule Learning. Advantages of this style are that the work is given within a deadline, and students have the freedom to choose when and where to complete this work. The second is Blended Learning.It is similar to Open Schedule Learning, but with the requirement that students must communicate in some form such as online discussions or chat rooms. The third is called Computer Based Learning. It is such a style of learning that is similar to a classroom, but instead at the computer. Each session takes place at the computer at certain times, just like a classroom session would. The last is called Fixed Time E-Learning. This learning style allows the student to complete the assignments wherever they please, but must report online at a designated time. May 1) While online education has major advantages, there are some things it lacks as well. In a previously mentioned article by Terrence Loose, online education has some cons as well. A study that had the support of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation suggests that more discipline is necessary from students. almost students are prone to becoming sluggish given that online education allows them to make up their own schedule. In addition, online instructors are unwilling to teach because of the increased time and effort it requires. (Loose 1) In an article by David W.Morris, he tells of some key factors as to why an online education may not be efficient. Technology is an important one because many continuing education students and adults are not computer savvy. This would require getting familiar with the latest computers and software, which may be an entire class on its own. Reputation is another one. slightly online critics claim that onl ine education lacks substance, given there is no face-to-face interaction with the professors, faculty, and students. There is too little support services offered when the student is not on campus.The reputation and credentials is also important given that some employers are likely to view an online degree as opposed to going to the institution itself. (Morris 1) some other article discusses why the classroom may be more beneficial than online learning. Cynthia Jones-Shoemans article titled, Traditional Classroom vs. Online Learning portrays some ideas on why the classroom may be more efficient. Having the technology itself, or being unfamiliar with the internet or computer software may be challenging for any grade kindergarten through 12th grade, college and other adults.Some online schools even cost more than regular colleges, and may not provide the same financial aid. Students may become isolated too. Shy individuals may become shyer as a result of online learning. And it migh t be harder to seek help when the teacher isnt right away available. Also, the chances of the student understanding the material is greater due to the fact that a teacher is present in the classroom. Social and interpersonal skills are built through the student to teacher interactions, and with peers. Self-discipline is also better taught in the traditional classroom setting. Jones-Shoeman 1) In his article, Distance Learning Advantages and Disadvantages Amit Kothial tells of some more reasons why the classroom education may be better than an online education. His first thought is that students who dont bide well to their own time-management dont make deadlines, and also have a harder time learning discipline and time management because there is no authority present. Learning online at home might provide distractions, such as television, other family members, or toys, especially for the younger children.Testing might have to be done with an honest adult or other educators to hold back that there is no cheating involved. This may pose a problem for the younger students if the supervising adult cannot comply due to personal or family matters. And lastly, online learning is not for every learning style. Some students need an auditory or visual aide to help them in learning. Some need further way on how to perform a task, or a problem on an assignment those which just are not provided with online learning. Kothial 1) It has been presented that there are quite a few advantages and disadvantages to both online education and the traditional classroom setting. While online education provides individuals the freedom to set their own pace and schedule, it can hinder others as they may not learn or possess good time management skills. The traditional classroom setting definitely provides positive teacher and peer social skill building, but other students may want to avoid social interactions due to issues such as bullying.No matter the type of education a student is p ursuing, classroom and online education both offer promising educations. What it really comes down to is the individual themselves, and what is best for them. Works Cited Ingalls, Chris. Online Public Schools Produce Profits But Some Are Failing Students. http. king5. com. November 1, 2011. Web. October 25, 2012. Jones-Shoeman, Cynthia. Traditional Classrooms Versus Online Learning. http. suite101. com n. d. November 10, 2009. Web. October 25, 2012. Kothial, Amit. Distance Learning Advantages and Disadvantages. http. ezinearticles. om. n. d. June 23, 2009. Web. October 25, 2012. Lohr, Steve. Study Finds That Online Education Beats The Classroom. http. nytimes. com. n. d. August 19, 2009. Web. October 25, 2012. Loose, Terence. Fast Facts About Online Education. http. education. yahoo. net. n. d. Web. n. d. October 25, 2012. May, Ryan. Traditional Education vs. Online Education Should You Switch? http. businessdictonary. com. n. d. Web. n. d. October 25, 2012. Morris, David W. Pros And Cons Of Online Education For The World Citizen. http. articlesbase. com. n. d. November 2, 2007. Web. October 25, 2012.

Odysseus and Gawain Temptations Essay

Sir Gawain is a noble knight of the Round Table who faced the consequences of accepting a quarrel from a Green Knight. In order to find a solution to his problem, Sir Gawain ventured into an adventure full of tests and temptations. On the some other hand, Odysseus is a legendary classic king, ruler of Ithaca, and Homers epic hero. Odysseus and his custody experienced one of their neatest adventures on their way home to Ithaca. Their journey back home was fast and filled with obstacles and temptations. Sir Gawain and Odysseus, two great men of their remarkive stories, fought against almost the same temptations.More particularly, these male protagonists fought against the temptations and sexual prowess of women. Despite existence great men of their caliber, they still became victims to the charm and alluring beauty of their antagonists. However, their varied personality, convictions and approaches or intensity of desires created the difference in the popcome for these two epic protagonists. The core theme in the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, translated by Marie Borroff, illustrates the tests which measured Sir Gawains compliance to the code of chivalry.Sir Gawain had to face temptations or tests of moral virtue archetypal temptation assembly that can be greatly observed in this medieval literature. The hardest temptation which he had to deal with was the temptation of his mistress. During the hunt, the hunter looks and hunts the deer to serve as a staple of diet or a food to satisfy an individual. Corresponding, the Lords wife is the hunter and she considers and looks at Sir Gawain as an art. She tells him, be with me as you leave (and) I am well content (Borroff, 1215). The lady hunts Sir Gawain based on her carnal desire by making an utterly sexual temptation all over Sir Gawain.In addition to this, she says for I surrender myself and sue for grace and that is best, I believe and behooves me now (Borroff, 1216-1217). In this manner, Sir Gawai n is viewed as a deer from the eyes of a hunter, or in the eyes of his Lady. A nonher temptation includes the law of chivalry and the rule or conception about courtly love which Sir Gawain had to honor. In respect to this rule, Sir Gawain had to show great reverence to his Lady and follow or do whatever his Lady wishes of him. Sir Gawain made a promise to his host that he would infract whatever he receives or achieves in a particular day.On that same day, the damsel tempts Sir Gawain and gives him a girdle. Due to this incident, a dilemma arises where Sir Gawain must stay fresh it or give gift it to the host. Fearing death, Sir Gawain dealt with it by hiding the girdle and fulfilling his duties by honoring the ladys demands. However, this caused him to break the promise he made with his host. Ultimately, Sir Gawain finds out that the Green Knight is actually his host. Sir Gawain tried his best in making a good decision or outcome and endeavored in attaining his objective. However, he was not successful in becoming virtuous.Ultimately, Gawains weakness resulted to his downfall and made him feel that he had lost his honor, as well as his duties. On the other hand, the main theme in Odyssey, particularly in the adventures of Odysseus is the discussion of his nostos which was delayed because of the actions of Ajax. Again, in the story of Odysseus or generally in Odyssey, the female characters serve as symbols of temptation. Calypso, a nymph, had a tremendous sex appeal which caught Odysseus into her arms, preventing him from continuing his journey home. Sexual prowess, instead of brute force, was used in order to make Odysseus stay.He was only released due to the intervention of Zeus. Aside from Calypso, there was Circe who was also a female trickster. Circe fooled Odysseuss men and turned them into swine by drugging their beer. The drug didnt work for Odysseus, so instead, she used her charm and lured Odysseus into her bed. In this part, bodily temptation was u sed against Odysseus, who in return gives in. Consequently, their journey home was delayed for another year. afterwards being released and on their journey home, Odysseus and his men was able to meet another archetype of female temptation namely the Sirens.The Sirens captivated Odysseus with their enchanting and very benignant songs. Again, Odysseus gives in to the temptation making him mad with desire. Odysseus men helped him in fighting the Sirens charm and temptations by tying him to the ship rail. Without the help of his men, Odysseus skill have already died for crashing his ship on the rocks. However, unlike Sir Gawain, Odysseuss strong conviction of going home made him stay on his track. Despite being enchanted by Calypso to make him love her, he only shared his tears.Moreover, despite being bribed with sex and attractive women, his heart still trounce and yearns for home. Lastly, the love which he felt for his wife Penelope, made him stronger and more fervent to go home. Due to this difference, it can be said that the yearning heart of Odysseus is unploughed safe from the tainted hands of those alluring and tempting seductresses. In addition to this, because of these differences as well as the manner of how they dealt with their problem, regardless of being two great hero seduced with the same, ironically, these male protagonists experienced different results.